形声字练习(十年级甲班)

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形声字占现代汉字的了90%以上,了解形声字规律对掌握更多汉字极有帮助。通过这个系列作业,学生应能够:a)总结出形声字规律;b)猜测汉字的发音和大致意思;c)举一反三扩大词汇量并正确使用这些字词。

作业要求:

1.写出下列汉字的偏旁、拼音、意思,并组词;

2.用所有这些字及相关的词写一篇作文。

可用字典。想一想什么是每个字的形旁/义符?什么是声旁/音符?

2011年11月5日发,12月4日交:

 形声字练习(一)

汉字

偏旁

拼音

意思

组词

 

 

2011年12月11日发,2012年1月7日交:

 形声字练习(二)

汉字

偏旁

拼音

意思

组词

学生作文——关于节日

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11月13日本校进行了期中考试。十年级的考试包括需课堂上完成的组词、造句、改错、阅读理解等答题部分,还有一篇作文。作文内容是关于一个难忘或者喜欢的节日,具体题目自定。

大部分同学都交来了作文,而且写得不错。有的同学写了中国的春节、中秋节,也有的同学写了美国的感恩节、圣诞节、鬼节(万圣节)、甚至老兵节。多数同学采用电脑打字写的中文作文,这也与我们第一单元学的课文《我的电脑》、《网上中文学校》内容相关。在电子时代,学中文就必须学会用电脑打字。

朱老师将同学们的作文推荐给校刊发表。为了节省时间、减少错误,采用电脑打字写作的同学,请把作文的电子文件通过电子邮箱直接发给校刊编辑:

editor@newtonchineseschool.org

 

 

11月13日期中考试

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2011年秋季学期中文班的期中考试原定在11月6日,因为10月30日遭遇暴雨雪而导致中文学校停课一次,课程和活动顺延一周,所以期中考试也推迟到11月13日。

请同学们准时参加考试,要带好双解新华字典,考试时允许使用字典。可事先完成中文作文部分——写一个难忘的节日。这部分占总分20%。具体作文题目自定,500字左右,可以用电脑打印或手写,带来写或印好的文本就不必在课堂上重新抄写,可专心回答其他考题。

 

学生讲中文课

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本学年中文十年级班仍然采取由学生讲课的教学方式,以体现美国倡导的21世纪教学理念——以学生为中心。

《中文》第十册共有12课,开学初就将全班二十多名学生分成一两人一组,每组负责一课。迄今,已经有三组同学讲了一至三课。这几组同学都准备得很仔细,不仅带领全班读课文、解释生字词,还都设计了文字游戏来帮助同学熟悉词汇并增加课堂趣味性。

全班同学也都很配合“小老师”,并对比赛性的分组游戏很感兴趣,争相回答或上前写字。这些十年级学生的汉字也写得不错了。

通过光看学生讲课,我们当老师的也学到很多。比如学生们更懂得同龄人喜闻乐见的游戏形式并改编来用于中文课,如果让咱老师来设计游戏,不一定能设计出这些形式或符合这代年轻人的喜好。

今年的学生们积极性很高,准备很充分,每次讲课的时间甚至都不够用。本来朱老师准备每次课的后半小时自己来讲有关语法和汉字知识的,但学生们玩文字游戏兴浓,都不给我留时间。我只好改在每次课开头先讲半小时,其他的时间都交给学生们掌握。

2011秋季学期期中开始复习提纲

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2011年11月6日是牛顿中文学校秋季学期进行期中考试的日子。十年级学生可根据复习提纲作准备:

http://www.newtonchineseschool.org/principal/2011年秋季十年级期中考试复习题.pdf

此外,汉字六书(造字法)是本学期十年级甲班的教学重点之一,也需要学生复习准备,重点掌握象形、指事、会意、形声四种造字方法,并可为每种汉字举出几个例字。下列网站有“汉字由来动画”,介绍一些象形字和指事字的由来及造字法。

http://www.dragonwise.hku.hk/dragon2/schools/archives/morph.php

 

汉字六书

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开始给十年级中文班讲“汉字六书”,也就是汉字造字法。我觉得,汉字虽然数目繁多,看起来也复杂难记,但只要了解其基本造字规律,就能掌握和认识更多汉字。因此,在十年级学生毕业离开中文学校之前,希望他们能有这方面是知识。本学年,十年级学生也将做相关课题作业。下面是有关“汉字造字法”的内容。

汉字六书(造字法)

Formation of Characters

The early stages of the development of Chinese characters were dominated by pictograms, in which meaning was expressed directly by the shapes. The development of the script, both to cover words for abstract concepts and to increase the efficiency of writing, has led to the introduction of numerous non-pictographic characters.

The various types of character were first classified c. 100 CE by the Chinese linguist Xu Shen, whose etymological dictionary Shuowen Jiezi (說文解字/说文解字) divides the script into six categories, the liùshū’ (六書/六书). While the categories and classification are occasionally problematic and arguably fail to reflect the complete nature of the Chinese writing system, the system has been perpetuated by its long history and pervasive use.[6]

Excerpt from a 1436 primer on Chinese characters

Enlarge

Excerpt from a 1436 primer on Chinese characters

1. Pictograms (象形字 xiàngxíngzì)

Contrary to popular belief, pictograms make up only a small portion of Chinese characters. While characters in this class derive from pictures, they have been standardized, simplified, and stylised to make them easier to write, and their derivation is therefore not always obvious. Examples include 日 (rì) for “sun”, 月 (yuè) for “moon”, and 木 (mù) for “tree”.

There is no concrete number for the proportion of modern characters that are pictographic in nature; however, Xu Shen (c. 100 CE) estimated that 4% of characters fell into this category.

2. Ideograph (指事字, zhǐshìzì)

Also called a simple indicative, simple ideograph, or ideogram, characters of this sort either add indicators to pictographs to make new meanings, or illustrate abstract concepts directly. For instance, while 刀 (dāo) is a pictogram for “knife”, placing an indicator in the knife makes 刃 (rèn), an ideogram for “blade”. Other common examples are 上 (shàng) for “up” and 下 (xià) for “down”. This category is small, as most concepts can be represented by characters in other categories.

3. Logical aggregrates (會意字/会意字, Huìyìzì)

Also translated as associative compounds, characters of this sort combine pictograms to symbolize an abstract concept. For instance, 木 (mu) is a pictogram of a tree, and putting two 木 together makes 林 (lin), meaning forest. Combining 日 (rì) sun and 月 (yuè) moon makes 明 (míng) bright, which is traditionally interpreted as symbolizing the combination of sun and moon as the natural sources of light.

Xu Shen estimated that 13% of characters fall into this category.

4. Pictophonetic compounds (形聲字/形声字, Xíngshēngzì)[1][2]

Also called semantic-phonetic compounds, or phono-semantic compounds, this category represents the largest group of characters in modern Chinese. Characters of this sort are composed of two parts: a pictograph, which suggests the general meaning of the character, and a phonetic part, which is derived from a character pronounced in the same way as the word the new character represents.

Examples are 河 (hé) river, 湖 (hú) lake, 流 (liú) stream, 沖 (chōng) riptide, 滑 (huá) slippery. All these characters have on the left a radical of three dots, which is a simplified pictograph for a water drop, indicating that the character has a semantic connection with water; the right-hand side in each case is a phonetic indicator. For example, in the case of 沖 (chōng), the phonetic indicator is 中 (zhōng), which by itself means middle. In this case it can be seen that the pronunciation of the character has diverged from that of its phonetic indicator; this process means that the composition of such characters can sometimes seem arbitrary today. Further, the choice of radicals may also seem arbitrary in some cases; for example, the radical of 貓 (māo) cat is 豸 (zhì), originally a pictograph for worms, but in characters of this sort indicating an animal of any sort.

Xu Shen (c. 100 CE) placed approximately 82% of characters into this category, while in the Kangxi Dictionary (1716 CE) the number is closer to 90%, due to the extremely productive use of this technique to extend the Chinese vocabulary.

5. Associate Transformation (轉注字/转注字, Zhuǎnzhùzì)

Characters in this category originally represented the same meaning but have bifurcated through orthographic and often semantic drift. For instance, 考 (kǎo) to verify and 老 (lǎo) old were once the same character, meaning “elderly person”, but detached into two separate words. Characters of this category are rare, so in modern systems this group is often omitted or combined with others.

6. Borrowing (假借字, Jiǎjièzì)

Also called phonetic loan characters, this category covers cases where an existing character is used to represent an unrelated word with similar pronunciation; sometimes the old meaning is then lost completely, as with characters such as 自 (zì), which has lost its original meaning of nose completely and exclusively means oneself, or 萬 (wan), which originally meant spider but is now used only in the sense of ten thousand.

This technique has become uncommon, since there is considerable resistance to changing the meaning of existing characters. However, it has been used in the development of written forms of dialects, notably Cantonese and Taiwanese in Hong Kong and Taiwan, due to the amount of dialectal vocabulary which historically has had no written form and thus lacks characters of its own.

你在中文学校学到了什么?

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你在中文学校学到了什么?

 

很多华人家长送孩子到社区中文学校,是希望子女保持中国语言文化能力。但学生们到底能在中文学校学到什么?是否符合家长的期待?是否符合当代社会对语言教学的要求?就需要学校管理者、教师、家长和学生们对美国总体外语教学要求和趋势有所了解。

让我们看看美国外语课主题教学的五大主题——自我,家庭,学校,社区,世界。中文学校的教学内容和主题是否也涵盖了这些方面?或者教师要善于利用现有课文提炼出这些内容。

对传统教学方式和21世纪语言教学方式进行比较,利于中文学校取长补短:

  • 传统教学(Traditional Teaching) Vs. 主题教学 (Thematic Unit Teaching)
    • 传统教学:每课书之间无关联,语法、词汇与生活语境脱节
    • 主题教学:围绕一个主题和实用语境,宽展词汇和知识面
  • 中文学校的教学方式和课本迄今还比较传统
  • 但在我们学过的课本知识中,也可以总结出与这些主题相关的内容
  • 怎样在今后应用与这些主题有关的中文知识?会不会口头解说或写文描述?

学生们在中文学校上中文课,不是为了完成与实用脱离的作业或应付几次考试,而应真正掌握使用中文的本领。要验证学生们的学习成果,可看看学生们能否做到这些?

自我(Myself)——介绍自己,兴趣爱好特长,表达自己的想法和志向。

家庭(Families)——介绍家庭成员、宠物、活动等,家庭关系(中国与美国的异同),伦理道德观念。

学校(Schools)——介绍你的学校(美国学校、中文学校、其他校内外社团等),老师、同学、朋友,学校的课程科目、环境、体育、文艺等活动,自己在校表现(喜欢或不喜欢哪些科目/活动),将来的学习志向(大学、专业等),其他学习资源(图书馆、网络等)。

社区(Communities)——可按地域或文化族裔来划分。

1)住地社区:介绍住家及周围地区的特点(地理、人口等),著名观光景点等。

2)族裔社区:是否认同自己的华人文化背景,介绍中华历史文化风俗,介绍本地和美国华裔社区简况

世界(The World)——要会从几个方面关注并介绍:

  1. 地理方位:各国位置,语言,人口,国家或城镇名称,风景特点,物产等;
  2. 人文历史:历史故事,政治文学科学哲学等名人和贡献,现代文化和人类特征等;
  3. 对比:尤其要会比较美国、中国、与其他国家地区的异同;
  4. 每个国家或地区对现代世界的影响。

 

本学期学生主讲的第一课

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学生开讲第一课

9月18日是中文学校本学期的第二次课,我们十年级甲班的学生讲课按计划开始了。前一周老师已将“学生教学备课指南发给大家,学生们还抽签分了组,每一到两名学生负责准备一课书,课本的12课书的课文都将由学生们主讲,旨在锻炼学生的中文表达和运用能力。

郭紫悦和程旸同学主动要求准备第一课“我的电脑”,这课内容接近现代生活并不难,但打头炮讲第一课则需要勇气。两位同学准备得挺充分,除了读课文和解说生字生词,还准备了游戏及教具,组织全班分两队进行抓字比赛。这两位同学还将在9月25日讲解第一课的阅读材料“电子计算机的世界”。

老师发给全班同学列有学生姓名和讲课日期的“学生课文教学演示评估表”,该表的作用:1)每周该由哪些学生讲哪课一目了然;2)在每组学生讲课时,其他同学要为他们的表现评分并记录在此表上。评估项目分为4项:准备、发音、课题管理、趣味性。

希望同学们听了其他学生讲课后,能够取长补短,把各自的课文准备得更好!

2011新学年开学了!

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牛顿中文学校于2011年9月11日开始了新的学年。欢迎同学们和家长们!

十年级 甲班:319教室,2:00-3:30pm

工艺绘画班:224教室,3:40-5:00pm,适合5-8岁儿童

请同学们准时到校,带齐书本文具,遵守课堂纪律和学校规章。

为沙龙中文学校培训教师

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暑假即将结束,各中文学校也将在9月初的美国“劳工节”(Labor Day)之后开始学。8月27日周六下午,沙龙中文学校召开教师会议安排下学期课程,并邀请资深教师为中文老师们上培训课。

黄驾平具有双语及儿童早期教育硕士学位,并在华人启蒙学校担任管理工作多年,她分享了“如何教导幼儿的方法”,对低龄儿童来说,鼓励参与、提高兴趣最重要。

朱伟忆介绍的是“如何引导高年级学生坚持学中文”,不同年龄段的孩子各有特点,要采取不同方式进行教学。

与会老师还进行了讨论并分享各自的教学经验。