Monthly Archives: February 2014

Next Two Weeks Homework (Feb. 15 to March 01, 2014)

I. Stoichiometry

II. Some Representative Groups and Families

For all students:

  • On Barron’s SAT book, Page 186 – 187, Chapter 6:  Stoichiometry (Chemical Calculation and the Mole Concept) Practice Excises, #1, #2, #3, #4, #5, #6 and #7.
  • On Barron’s AP book, page 259- -260, Chapter 6 Stoichiometry, Practice Excises, #7 through #21.
  • On Barron’s SAT book, Page 304– 305, Chapter 13: Some Representative Groups and Families, Practice Excises, #1 through #14. (You may review the contents on page 297 through 303 before you do the Practice Excises).

For the students who plan to take AP exam:

  • On Barron’s AP book, page 261, Chapter 6 Stoichiometry,  Practice Excises, #22 through #25.

三月二号每一个学生在班内做演讲

各位学生及家长:

为加强我班学生的中文口语能力和提高学生的公众讲演能力,并配合牛顿中文学校三月份举办的演讲比赛和春季学期期中考试,我要求本班每一个学生都要在班内做演讲. 演讲将作为春季学期期中考试的一部分 (演讲将计为春季学期期中考试成绩. 春季学期期中考试没有作文一项)。无论学生是否最终参加牛顿中文学校的演讲比赛, 每一个学生都必须要在班内做演讲。

题目: 自定((Question: 演讲比赛内容必须是学生自己写的吗?还是可以找其它文章?Answer: 牛顿中文学校及新英格兰中文学会对此都没有规定。但对于有能力自己写的高年级学生来说,应鼓励他们写)。

日期: 我们班每一个学生于三月二号在班内做演讲。
时间: 两分三十秒至三分钟(注:一定要注意演讲时间不能少于或超过这个时间)。

希望家长与学生多沟通,鼓励、督促和帮助学生参与;另外,参照演讲比赛规则对学生从选题及演讲技巧上做一定的辅导,也希望家长安排时间给学生一次在家庭试讲的机会,使学生有机会及时修正演讲中的问题。二月十六日及二月二十三日没有中文学校. 这两个周末是准备演讲的好时机。

感谢各位的合作。
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请参阅牛顿中文学校的通知:

为加强我校学生的中文口语能力和丰富中文教学活动,并且为参与四月份新英格兰中文学校协会和五月份美东中文学校协会举办的中文演讲比赛选派优秀选手,学校决定在三月十六日和三月二十三日举行一年级至十年级的在校学生演讲比赛。
比赛将分为三组(包括马立平班):1-3年级为低年级组;4—6年级为中年级组;7—10年级为高年级组。
为了办好这次活动,各班老师将安排本班学生在三月九日之前进行班级内选拔赛,并将班级选出的优胜者报到学校,报名截止日期为三月九日。每班最多可选出三名优胜者。比赛的原则是:时间两分三十秒至三分钟(注:不能低于或高于这个时间),题目自定。要求吐字清晰,表情真挚,具有知识性和趣味性,并能背诵下来。
还望各位家长鼓励自己的孩子积极参赛,并帮助自己的孩子从选题入手认真准备。有兴趣参赛的学生家长可下载或通过老师领取报名表,填写表格后交给本班中文老师。
报名表: http://www.newtonchineseschool.org/principal/speechcontestspring2014.pdf

enthalpy (H) v.s. internal energy (E)

If you are still having a problem with enthalpy vs. internal energy, please read:

ΔE = q + w      (ΔE is change in internal energy)    eqn (1)

Enthalpy (H) accounts for heat flow in processes occurring at constant pressure when no forms of work are performed other than P-V work.

H = E + PV   eqn (2)

H is a state function because E, P, and V are all state functions.

Δ H = Δ (E + P V)   eqn (3)

When a change occurs at constant pressure,

Δ H = Δ E + P Δ V      (notice that V Δ P   = 0, since Δ P = 0 at constant P), eqn (4)

Recalling ΔE = q + w, eqn (1),

The work involved in the expansion or compression of gases is w = P Δ V,

Substitute w for P Δ V and q + w for ΔE in eqn (4):  Δ H = Δ E + P Δ V = (qp + w) – w =  qp , eqn (5)

Δ H = qp,   eqn (6)

qis the heat flow in the process at constant pressure.

Therefore, Δ H (change in enthalpy) equals the heat gained or lost at constant pressure.

Because we can either measure or readily calculate qp, and because so many physical and chemical changes of interest to us occur at constant pressure, enthalpy H is a more useful function than internal energy E.

For most reactions the difference in Δ H and Δ E is small because P Δ V is small.

Last note: relationship between Δ H and heat qp has specific limitations that only P-V work is involved and the pressure is constant.

 

Homework for the week of Feb. 03 to 08, 2014

For all students:

On Barron’s AP book, page 445 -447, Practice Excises, #5, ,#6, #9, #10, #18, #19, #20, and #21.

For the students whose high school chemistry class has not covered the Thermodynamics chapter, you must study the following before you try to do this assignment:

  • Eqn (12.31) and the example on Barron’s AP book, page 437, and Appendix 3 on page 750,
  • Eqn (12.32) on Barron’s AP book, page 438,
  • Eqn (12.33) and the example on Barron’s AP book, page 439,
  • Example 12.4 and Example 12.5 on Barron’s AP book, page 440 and 441.

 For the students who plan to take AP exam:

On Barron’s AP book, page 448 -449, Free-Response (a), (b) and (c)*.

* Hint for Free-Response (c):

Measuring Entropy

One useful way of measuring entropy is by the following equation:

ΔS = q/T    (1)

Where S represents entropy, DS represents the change in entropy, q represents heat transfer, and T is the temperature. Using this equation it is possible to measure entropy changes using a calorimeter. The units of entropy are J/K.

The temperature in this equation must be measured on the absolute, or Kelvin temperature scale. On this scale, zero is the theoretically lowest possible temperature that any substance can reach. At absolute 0 (0 K), all atomic motion ceases and the disorder in a substance is zero.  
The absolute entropy of any substance can be calculated using equation (1) in the following way. Imagine cooling the substance to absolute zero and forming a perfect crystal (no holes, all the atoms in their exact place in the crystal lattice). Since there is no disorder in this state, the entropy can be defined as zero. Now start introducing small amounts of heat and measuring the temperature change. Even though equation (1) only works when the temperature is constant, it is approximately correct when the temperature change is small. Then you can use equation (1) to calculate the entropy changes. Continue this process until you reach the temperature for which you want to know the entropy of a substance (25 ºC is a common temperature for reporting the entropy of a substance).The Thermodynamics Table lists the entropies of some substances at 25 ºC. Note that there are values listed for elements, unlike DHfº values for elements. The reason is that the entropies listed are absolute, rather than relative to some arbitrary standard like enthalpy. This is because we know that the substance has zero entropy as a perfect crystal at 0 K; there is no comparable zero for enthalpy. The fact that a perfect crystal of a substance at 0 K has zero entropy is sometimes called the Third Law of Thermodynamics.